Nutrition Science

Understanding what to eat and what to limit for optimal health, based on scientific evidence.

Protein

macronutrient strong evidence

Recommended Amount
0.8-1.2g per kg body weight (higher for athletes)

Essential macronutrient for building and repairing tissues, making enzymes and hormones.

Benefits:

  • Builds and repairs muscle tissue
  • Supports immune function
  • Helps maintain satiety and weight management
  • Essential for bone health
  • Supports healthy skin, hair, and nails

Food Sources:

Chicken breastGreek yogurtLentilsEggsSalmonTofuQuinoaCottage cheese

Dietary Fiber

fiber strong evidence

Recommended Amount
25-38g (25g for women, 38g for men)

Indigestible carbohydrate that promotes digestive health and helps regulate blood sugar.

Benefits:

  • Promotes healthy digestion and regular bowel movements
  • Helps control blood sugar levels
  • Lowers cholesterol
  • Supports healthy gut microbiome
  • Increases satiety and aids weight management
  • May reduce risk of colorectal cancer

Food Sources:

LentilsBlack beansChia seedsOatsRaspberriesBroccoliWhole wheat pastaAvocado

Vitamin D

vitamin strong evidence

Recommended Amount
600-800 IU (15-20 mcg), up to 4000 IU for deficiency

Fat-soluble vitamin crucial for bone health, immune function, and mood regulation.

Benefits:

  • Promotes calcium absorption for strong bones
  • Supports immune system function
  • May improve mood and reduce depression
  • Supports muscle function
  • May reduce inflammation

Food Sources:

Fatty fish (salmon, mackerel)Fortified milkEgg yolksFortified cerealsMushrooms exposed to UV lightCod liver oil

Omega-3 Fatty Acids

fatty acid strong evidence

Recommended Amount
250-500mg EPA+DHA daily

Essential polyunsaturated fats crucial for brain health and reducing inflammation.

Benefits:

  • Supports heart health
  • Reduces inflammation
  • Crucial for brain development and function
  • May improve eye health
  • May reduce symptoms of depression and anxiety

Food Sources:

SalmonSardinesMackerelWalnutsFlaxseedsChia seedsHemp seeds

Magnesium

mineral strong evidence

Recommended Amount
310-420mg (310-320mg for women, 400-420mg for men)

Essential mineral involved in over 300 enzymatic reactions in the body.

Benefits:

  • Supports muscle and nerve function
  • Helps regulate blood pressure
  • Supports bone health
  • May improve sleep quality
  • Helps maintain steady heart rhythm
  • Supports energy production

Food Sources:

SpinachAlmondsBlack beansAvocadoDark chocolatePumpkin seedsQuinoa

Refined Sugar

limit this strong evidence

Recommended Amount
Less than 25-36g (6-9 teaspoons)

Added sugars that provide calories without nutritional value and can contribute to various health issues.

Risks:

  • Contributes to weight gain and obesity
  • Increases risk of type 2 diabetes
  • May increase heart disease risk
  • Can cause blood sugar spikes and crashes
  • Associated with increased inflammation
  • May contribute to dental cavities

Food Sources:

Soda and sweetened beveragesCandy and sweetsBaked goodsProcessed foodsIce creamSweetened cereals

Saturated Fat

limit this strong evidence

Recommended Amount
Less than 10% of total daily calories (about 20g for 2000 cal diet)

Type of fat that can raise LDL cholesterol levels when consumed in excess.

Risks:

  • May raise LDL (bad) cholesterol
  • Increased risk of heart disease when consumed in excess
  • May contribute to inflammation

Food Sources:

ButterFatty cuts of meatFull-fat dairyCoconut oilPalm oilProcessed meats

Sodium

limit this strong evidence

Recommended Amount
Less than 2,300mg (ideal: 1,500mg)

Essential mineral, but most people consume far more than needed, contributing to health issues.

Benefits:

  • Necessary for fluid balance
  • Supports nerve and muscle function

Risks:

  • High intake increases blood pressure
  • Increases risk of heart disease and stroke
  • May contribute to kidney disease
  • Can cause water retention

Food Sources:

Table saltProcessed foodsCanned soupsDeli meatsFrozen dinnersFast foodCondiments

Trans Fats

limit this strong evidence

Recommended Amount
0g (avoid completely)

Artificial fats created through hydrogenation, harmful to cardiovascular health.

Risks:

  • Raises LDL (bad) cholesterol
  • Lowers HDL (good) cholesterol
  • Significantly increases heart disease risk
  • Increases inflammation
  • May increase diabetes risk

Food Sources:

Partially hydrogenated oilsSome margarinesFried fast foodsSome baked goodsMicrowave popcorn